譯者序
聯合國大會於2005年通過的《國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人獲得救濟和賠償權利的基本原則和準則》（Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law，以下簡稱《救濟原則》），是一份極為重要的國際法文件。它不僅重申了被害人獲得救濟和賠償的權利，更進一步具體闡明這些權利的內涵，為各國在處理此類侵害事件時提供了重要的指引。特別是，本文件整合了當前國際上重要的、與被害人獲得救濟和賠償相關的權利樣態，並歸納出五種損害賠償模式：回復原狀、補償、康復重建、滿足措施及保證不再發生，為被害人權益的保障樹立了重要的里程碑，並為各國實踐相關權利保障提供了具體可行的途徑。
值得注意的是，雖然台灣已於2023年大幅修正《犯罪被害人權益保障法》，但在具體落實被害人獲得救濟和賠償的權利方面，仍有許多尚待完善之處。特別是《救濟原則》中所提出的五種賠償模式，目前僅有部分被納入我國法律體系中，且相關規定仍不夠周延。例如，關於「回復原狀」的規定較為零散，且缺乏系統性的規範；「康復重建」的概念雖已逐漸受到重視，但在具體措施和執行機制上仍有待加強；「滿足措施」和「保證不再發生」這兩種模式，在我國法律中的規定更是付之闕如。因此，這份《救濟原則》不僅具有學術研究上的價值，更具有實務上的重要意義，它能為我國未來修法提供重要的參考依據，並促進相關制度的改革與完善。這也是驅動我投入這份文件翻譯工作的最大動力。
本譯文以聯合國英文版本為主要依據，並參照了台灣現行相關法律的用語，特別是《犯罪被害人權益保障法》的相關規定。在翻譯過程中，筆者力求精準傳達原文意涵，並盡可能使用台灣法律界的通用詞彙，以確保譯文的準確性和可讀性。針對一些在台灣法律體系中尚無明確對應概念的詞彙，筆者也根據原文的意涵和台灣的法律實務，審慎地選擇了適當的譯法，並於譯文中保持一致性。
這份《救濟原則》的翻譯，不僅是一項學術工作，更是一項權利倡議。筆者期盼透過這份譯文，讓更多人認識到被害人獲得救濟和賠償的重要性，並促使台灣社會更加重視被害人的權益保障。同時也希望能拋磚引玉, 促成相關單位提出正式的官方版本, 以利我國相關工作的推動。本譯文為個人意見，不代表筆者所屬機關立場，如有疏漏或不盡完善之處，敬請各界先進不吝指正，讓本譯文更為周延。
蕭逸民 2025/2/5
國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人獲得救濟和賠償權利的基本原則和準則
聯合國大會第60/147號決議，2005年12月16日通過。
大會，
遵循《聯合國憲章》、《世界人權宣言》、國際人權公約及其他相關人權文書、《維也納宣言與行動綱領》，
申明必須在國家與國際層面，系統且徹底的處理因國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人的救濟與賠償問題，
確認國際社會通過尊重被害人享有救濟和賠償的權利，信守其對被害人、倖存者及子孫後代的承諾，並重申這領域的國際法，
回顧人權委員會在2005年4月19日第2005/35號決議中，以及經濟及社會理事會在2005年7月25日第2005/30號決議中通過《國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人獲得救濟和賠償權利的基本原則和準則》，其中理事會建議大會通過基本原則和準則，
1. 通過本決議所附《國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人獲得救濟和賠償權利的基本原則和準則；
2. 建議各國將基本原則和準則納入考量，促進對其的尊重，並提請政府各執行機關成員，特別是執法人員、軍隊和安全部隊，立法機關、司法機關、被害人及其代表、人權捍衛者、律師、媒體及公眾重視基本原則和準則；
3. 要求秘書長採取措施，確保基本原則和準則盡可能以聯合國所有正式語言傳播，包括轉交各國政府、跨政府和非政府組織，並將其納入聯合國《人權：國際文書匯編》出版物中。
第64次全體會議
2005年12月16日
附件
國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人獲得救濟和賠償權利的基本原則和準則
序言
大會，
回顧違反國際人權法行為的被害人獲得救濟的權利，規定在許多國際文書中，特別是《世界人權宣言》第8條、《公民與政治權利國際公約》第2條、《消除一切形式種族歧視國際公約》第6條、《禁止酷刑和其他殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰公約》第14條，以及《兒童權利公約》第39條；以及違反國際人道法行為也有相關規定，包括1907年10月18日《陸戰法規和慣例的海牙公約》（第四公約）第3條、1949年8月12日《日內瓦公約》附加議定書《關於國際武裝衝突受害者保護的議定書I》（1977年6月8日）第91條，以及《國際刑事法院羅馬規約》第68條和第75條，
回顧違反國際人權法行為的被害人獲得救濟的權利，規定在許多區域性公約中，特別是《非洲人權和民族權憲章》第7條、《美洲人權公約》第25條和《歐洲保障人權與基本自由公約》第13條，
回顧聯合國第七屆預防犯罪和罪犯待遇大會審議後通過的《犯罪和權力濫用被害人司法基本原則宣言》，以及聯合國大會1985年11月29日第40/34號決議，在該決議中通過了預防犯罪和罪犯待遇大會建議的案文，
重申《犯罪和權力濫用被害人司法基本原則宣言》中闡述的各項原則，包括應以同理心對待被害人並尊重其尊嚴，充分尊重其獲得司法救濟和救濟機制的權利，並應鼓勵設立、加強和擴充向被害人提供補償的國家基金，同時儘快為被害人建立妥善的權利保護和救濟措施，
注意到《國際刑事法院羅馬規約》要求制定「賠償被害人或賠償被害人方面的原則，包括回復原狀、補償和康復重建」，要求締約國大會為法院管轄權內犯罪被害人及其家屬的利益，設立信託基金，並授權該法院「保護被害人的安全、身心健康、尊嚴和隱私」，並准許被害人參與所有「本法院認為適當的訴訟階段」，
申明本文件所載基本原則和準則針對的是國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害，這些行為因為性質極其嚴重，構成對人性尊嚴的冒犯，
強調基本原則和準則並未創設新的國際或國內法律義務，而是明確指出，在規範雖有差異但彼此互補的國際人權法與國際人道法體系下，應如何履行現有法律義務的機制、模式、程序及方法，
回顧國際法規定，國家有責任根據其國際義務和國內法律的要求，或按照適用的國際司法機關規約，起訴特定類型國際犯罪的加害者，且此起訴責任進一步加強了國際法律義務的履行，必須依照國內法的要求和程序，並支持互補性原則的概念，
注意到當代的被害樣態雖然主要針對個人，但也可能針對群體，形成集體被害。
確認國際社會通過尊重被害人享有救濟和賠償的權利，信守其對被害人、倖存者及子孫後代的承諾，並重申國際法中關於課責、正義和法治的基本原則，
確信通過採取以被害人為中心的立場，國際社會將根據下列基本原則和準則，彰顯其與違反國際法包括違反國際人權法和國際人道法的行為的被害人，以及全人類的團結一致，
通過以下基本原則和導則：
一、尊重、確保尊重和執行國際人權法和國際人道法的義務
1. 尊重、確保尊重和執行國際人權法和國際人道法的義務，依據相關法律體系的規定，源自於：
(a) 國家為締約方之一的條約；
(b) 國際習慣法；
(c) 各國的國內法。
2. 若國內法尚不符合其國際法律義務，國家應依據國際法的要求，通過以下方式確保其國內法符合其國際法律義務：
(a) 將國際人權法和國際人道法規範納入其國內法，或以其他方式在國內法律制度中實施這些規範；
(b) 採取適當和有效的立法和行政程序以及其他適當措施，提供公正、有效、迅速的司法救濟；
(c) 提供下文所定義的充分、有效、迅速和適當的救濟，包括賠償；
(d) 確保其國內法對被害人的保護至少達到其國際義務所要求的程度。
二、義務的範圍
3. 尊重、確保尊重和執行國際人權法和國際人道法的義務，依據相關法律體系的規定，包括但不限於以下責任：
(a) 採取適當的立法和行政措施及其他適當措施，防止侵害行為發生；
(b) 有效、迅速、徹底和公正的調查侵害行為，並在適當情況下，依據國內法和國際法對被指控的責任人採取行動；
(c) 不論最終侵害責任由誰承擔，向主張因違反人權法或人道法行為而受害的被害人，詳如下文所述，提供平等且有效的司法救濟，以及
(d) 向被害人提供下文所述的有效救濟，包括賠償。
三、構成國際法下犯罪的國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害
4. 對於構成國際法下犯罪的國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害，國家有義務進行調查，如果證據充分，國家有義務將被指控的責任人提交起訴，如果該人被裁判有罪，國家有義務懲處該人。此外，在這些案件中，國家應當依據國際法，相互合作並協助有權調查和起訴這些侵害行為的國際司法機構。
5. 為此目的，根據適用的條約或其他國際法義務，國家應適當的將普遍管轄權的規定納入其國內法或以其他方式實施。此外，為了追求國際正義，根據適用的條約或其他國際法律義務，國家應協助將加害人引渡或移交至其他國家與適當的國際司法機構，提供司法協助及其他形式的合作，包括協助和保護被害人及證人，但必須符合國際人權法的標準，特別是關於禁止酷刑及其他殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰等國際法律的規定。
四、時效
6. 根據適用的條約或其他國際法律義務，時效規定不應適用於構成國際法下犯罪的國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害。
7. 對不構成國際法下犯罪的其他類型侵害行為的國內時效規定，包括適用於民事訴訟和其他程序的時效規定，不應過分限制。
五、國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人
8. 就本文件而言，被害人是指因構成國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害的作為或不作為而個別或集體遭受傷害的人，包括身體或精神傷害、情感痛苦、經濟損失或基本權利的實質損害。在適當情況下，根據國內法，「被害人」一詞亦包括直接被害人的近親或受扶養人，以及為協助遭遇危難的被害人或防止被害而受害的人。
9. 無論加害人是否經確認、逮捕、起訴或定罪，亦不論加害人與被害人之間是否有親屬關係，均得視為被害人。
六、被害人的待遇
10. 被害人應獲得人道待遇，並應尊重其尊嚴與人權，應採取適當措施，確保被害人及其家屬的安全、身心健康與隱私。國家應確保其國內法律在可行範圍內，對遭受暴力或創傷的被害人提供特別關懷與照護，免於在追求正義和賠償而進行的法律和行政程序中，受到二度傷害。
七、被害人獲得救濟的權利
11. 對國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害的救濟，包括被害人依國際法所享有的以下權利：
(a) 平等和有效的司法救濟；
(b) 對所遭受的損害獲得充分、有效和迅速的賠償；
(c) 獲得有關侵害行為和賠償機制的相關資訊。
八、司法救濟
12. 國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人，依據國際法規定，應享有平等獲得有效司法救濟的權利。被害人還可以獲得其他形式的救濟，包括行政和其他機構的救濟，以及根據國內法設立的機制、模式和程序的救濟。國家應保障獲得司法救濟和公正公平程序的權利，這些國際法義務應反映在國內法中。為此目的，國家應當：
(a) 通過公共與民營管道，宣傳有關國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害所有可用的救濟機制；
(b) 在關係到被害人利益的司法、行政或其他程序進行的前、中、後，採取措施，將被害人及其代表的不便減至最低，適當保護其隱私不受非法干擾，並確保被害人及其家屬和證人的安全，免於恐嚇和報復；
(c) 為尋求司法救濟的被害人提供適當協助；
(d) 提供一切適當的法律、外交和領事途徑，以確保國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人得以行使其救濟權利。
13. 除了個人獲得司法救濟，國家應致力於發展救濟程序，讓被害人群體得集體請求賠償，並獲得適當賠償。
14. 對於國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害的充分、有效且迅速的救濟，應包括個人可以合法參與的所有可行且適當的國際程序，並不得妨礙任何其他的國內救濟。
九、損害賠償
15. 充分、有效和迅速賠償旨在透過對國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害的救濟，以伸張正義。賠償應當與侵害行為和所受損害的嚴重程度相稱。國家應根據其國內法和國際法的義務，就可以歸咎於該國並構成國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害的作為或不作為，向被害人提供賠償。若個人、法人或其他實體被認定對被害人負有賠償責任，則應向被害人提供賠償；若國家已先行賠償，則應償付國家。
16. 國家應致力建立國家賠償計畫及其他協助措施，以因應應負賠償責任的當事人無法或不願履行其義務的情況。
17. 國家應就被害人提出的請求，對應負賠償責任的個人或實體強制執行國內判決，並致力依據國內法及國際法律義務，強制執行有效的國外判決。為此，國家應在國內法中建立有效機制以執行賠償判決。
18. 對國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人，應當根據國內法和國際法，並考慮個人情況，按照侵害行為的嚴重性和具體情節，根據原則19至原則23的規定，提供充分和有效的賠償。賠償應當包括以下形式：回復原狀、補償、康復重建、滿足措施及保證不再發生。
19. 回復原狀 應當盡可能將被害人回復到發生國際人權法重大侵害或國際人道法嚴重侵害之前的原有狀態。回復原狀視情況包括：回復自由，享有人權、身份、家庭生活和公民身份，返回原居住地，回復工作和返還財產。
20. 補償 對國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害所造成的任何經濟上可以估量的損害，應當按照侵害行為的嚴重程度和個案情況，提供適當和相稱的補償，包括：
(a) 身心傷害；
(b) 喪失的機會，包括就業機會、教育機會和社會福利；
(c) 財產損害和收入損失，包括潛在收入損失；
(d) 精神損害；
(e) 法律或專家協助、醫藥和醫療服務以及心理和社會服務所需費用。
21. 康復重建 應當包括醫療和心理照護，以及法律和社會服務。
22. 滿足措施 在適用時，應包括下列任何或所有措施：
(a) 停止持續侵害行為的有效措施；
(b) 查明事實，充分公開揭露真相，但揭露真相不得進一步傷害或威脅被害人、被害人親屬、證人或介入干預以幫助被害人或防止發生進一步侵害行為的其他人的安全和利益；
(c) 搜尋失蹤者的下落，查明被綁架兒童的身份，尋找被害人的遺體，並依被害人明示或推定的意願，或家庭和社區文化習俗，協助尋獲、辨識和重新安葬遺體；
(d) 通過政府公告或司法裁判，為被害人及與其密切相關的人，回復尊嚴、名譽和權利；
(e) 公開道歉，包括承認事實和承擔責任；
(f) 對應當為侵害行為負責的人實行司法和行政制裁；
(g) 紀念和向被害人致敬；
(h) 在國際人權法和國際人道法的培訓以及各級教材中準確敘述發生的侵害行為。
23. 保證不再發生 在適用時，應包括下列任何或所有措施，這些措施也將有助於預防：
(a) 確保軍隊和安全部隊受到文職政府的有效控制；
(b) 保證所有民事和軍事程序符合正當程序、公平和公正的國際標準；
(c) 加強司法獨立性；
(d) 保護法律、醫療與健康照護專業人員、媒體及其他相關專業人員，以及人權捍衛者；
(e) 優先且持續向社會各界提供人權和國際人道法教育，並對執法人員、軍隊及安全部隊進行培訓；
(f) 促進公務員，包括執法、矯正、媒體、醫療、心理、社會服務和軍事等人員，以及企業，遵守行為準則和倫理規範，尤其是遵守國際標準；
(g) 為社會衝突的預防、監測和處理，建立機制；
(h) 針對助長或容許國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害的法律，進行審查與改革。
十、獲取有關侵害行為和賠償機制的相關資訊
24. 國家應建立機制，向社會大眾，尤其是國際人權法重大侵害和國際人道法嚴重侵害的被害人，傳達基本原則和準則所闡述的各項權利和救濟，以及被害人有權獲得的所有法律、醫療、心理、社會、行政和其他服務。此外，被害人及其代表應有權利去尋求並取得以下資訊：造成他們受害的原因、導致國際人權法重大侵害與國際人道法嚴重侵害的原因和背景，並且有權了解這些侵害行為的真相。
十一、不歧視
25. 本基本原則和準則的適用和解釋必須符合國際人權法和國際人道法，不得有任何形式或任何理由的歧視，沒有例外。
十二、不減損
26. 本基本原則和準則的任何內容均不得被解釋為限制或減損依據國內法和國際法產生的任何權利或義務。特別應理解為本基本原則和準則不損害所有國際人權法和國際人道法侵害行為的被害人獲得救濟和賠償的權利。此外，本基本原則和準則亦不損害國際法的特別規定。
十三、他人權利
27. 本基本原則和準則的任何內容不應解釋為減損其他人在國際或國內得到保護的權利，特別是被告依據正當法律程序標準所享有的權利。
Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law
ADOPTED 16 December 2005, BY General Assembly resolution 60/147
The General Assembly,
Guided by the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1 the International Covenants on Human Rights, 2 other relevant human rights instruments and the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action,3
Affirming the importance of addressing the question of remedies and reparation for victims of gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law in a systematic and thorough way at the national and international levels,
Recognizing that, in honouring the victims’ right to benefit from remedies and reparation, the international community keeps faith with the plight of victims, survivors and future human generations and reaffirms international law in the field,
Recalling the adoption of the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law by the Commission on Human Rights in its resolution 2005/35 of 19 April 20054 and by the Economic and Social Council in its resolution 2005/30 of 25 July 2005, in which the Council recommended to the General Assembly that it adopt the Basic Principles and Guidelines,
1. Adopts the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law annexed to the present resolution;
2. Recommends that States take the Basic Principles and Guidelines into account, promote respect thereof and bring them to the attention of members of the executive bodies of government, in particular law enforcement officials and military and security forces, legislative bodies, the judiciary, victims and their representatives, human rights defenders and lawyers, the media and the public in general;
3. Requests the Secretary-General to take steps to ensure the widest possible dissemination of the Basic Principles and Guidelines in all the official languages of the United Nations, including by transmitting them to Governments and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and by including the Basic Principles and Guidelines in the United Nations publication entitled Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments.
64th plenary meeting
16 December 2005
Annex
Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law
Preamble
The General Assembly,
Recalling the provisions providing a right to a remedy for victims of violations of international human rights law found in numerous international instruments, in particular article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 6 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, article 14 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and article 39 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and of international humanitarian law as found in article 3 of the Hague Convention respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 18 October 1907 (Convention IV), article 91 of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) of 8 June 1977, and articles 68 and 75 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,
Recalling the provisions providing a right to a remedy for victims of violations of international human rights found in regional conventions, in particular article 7 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 11 article 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights,12 and article 13 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,13
Recalling the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power emanating from the deliberations of the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders and General Assembly resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985 by which the Assembly adopted the text recommended by the Congress,
Reaffirming the principles enunciated in the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, including that victims should be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity, have their right to access to justice and redress mechanisms fully respected, and that the establishment, strengthening and expansion of national funds for compensation to victims should be encouraged, together with the expeditious development of appropriate rights and remedies for victims,
Noting that the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court requires the establishment of “principles relating to reparations to, or in respect of, victims, including restitution, compensation and rehabilitation”, requires the Assembly of States Parties to establish a trust fund for the benefit of victims of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court, and of the families of such victims, and mandates the Court “to protect the safety, physical and psychological well-being, dignity and privacy of victims” and to permit the participation of victims at all “stages of the proceedings determined to be appropriate by the Court”,
Affirming that the Basic Principles and Guidelines contained herein are directed at gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law which, by their very grave nature, constitute an affront to human dignity,
Emphasizing that the Basic Principles and Guidelines contained herein do not entail new international or domestic legal obligations but identify mechanisms, modalities, procedures and methods for the implementation of existing legal obligations under international human rights law and international humanitarian law which are complementary though different as to their norms,
Recalling that international law contains the obligation to prosecute perpetrators of certain international crimes in accordance with international obligations of States and the requirements of national law or as provided for in the applicable statutes of international judicial organs, and that the duty to prosecute reinforces the international legal obligations to be carried out in accordance with national legal requirements and procedures and supports the concept of complementarity,
Noting that contemporary forms of victimization, while essentially directed against persons, may nevertheless also be directed against groups of persons who are targeted collectively,
Recognizing that, in honouring the victims’ right to benefit from remedies and reparation, the international community keeps faith with the plight of victims, survivors and future human generations and reaffirms the international legal principles of accountability, justice and the rule of law,
Convinced that, in adopting a victim-oriented perspective, the international community affirms its human solidarity with victims of violations of international law, including violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, as well as with humanity at large, in accordance with the following Basic Principles and Guidelines,
Adopts the following Basic Principles and Guidelines:
I. Obligation to respect, ensure respect for and implement international human rights law and international humanitarian law
1. The obligation to respect, ensure respect for and implement international human rights law and international humanitarian law as provided for under the respective bodies of law emanates from:
(a) Treaties to which a State is a party;
(b) Customary international law;
(c) The domestic law of each State.
2. If they have not already done so, States shall, as required under international law, ensure that their domestic law is consistent with their international legal obligations by:
(a) Incorporating norms of international human rights law and international humanitarian law into their domestic law, or otherwise implementing them in their domestic legal system;
(b) Adopting appropriate and effective legislative and administrative procedures and other appropriate measures that provide fair, effective and prompt access to justice;
(c) Making available adequate, effective, prompt and appropriate remedies, including reparation, as defined below;
(d) Ensuring that their domestic law provides at least the same level of protection for victims as that required by their international obligations.
II. Scope of the obligation
3. The obligation to respect, ensure respect for and implement international human rights law and international humanitarian law as provided for under the respective bodies of law, includes, inter alia, the duty to:
(a) Take appropriate legislative and administrative and other appropriate measures to prevent violations;
(b) Investigate violations effectively, promptly, thoroughly and impartially and, where appropriate, take action against those allegedly responsible in accordance with domestic and international law;
(c) Provide those who claim to be victims of a human rights or humanitarian law violation with equal and effective access to justice, as described below, irrespective of who may ultimately be the bearer of responsibility for the violation; and
(d) Provide effective remedies to victims, including reparation, as described below.
III. Gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law that constitute crimes under international law
4. In cases of gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law constituting crimes under international law, States have the duty to investigate and, if there is sufficient evidence, the duty to submit to prosecution the person allegedly responsible for the violations and, if found guilty, the duty to punish her or him. Moreover, in these cases, States should, in accordance with international law, cooperate with one another and assist international judicial organs competent in the investigation and prosecution of these violations.
5. To that end, where so provided in an applicable treaty or under other international law obligations, States shall incorporate or otherwise implement within their domestic law appropriate provisions for universal jurisdiction. Moreover, where it is so provided for in an applicable treaty or other international legal obligations, States should facilitate extradition or surrender offenders to other States and to appropriate international judicial bodies and provide judicial assistance and other forms of cooperation in the pursuit of international justice, including assistance to, and protection of, victims and witnesses, consistent with international human rights legal standards and subject to international legal requirements such as those relating to the prohibition of torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
IV. Statutes of limitations
6. Where so provided for in an applicable treaty or contained in other international legal obligations, statutes of limitations shall not apply to gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law which constitute crimes under international law.
7. Domestic statutes of limitations for other types of violations that do not constitute crimes under international law, including those time limitations applicable to civil claims and other procedures, should not be unduly restrictive.
V. Victims of gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law
8. For purposes of the present document, victims are persons who individually or collectively suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that constitute gross violations of international human rights law, or serious violations of international humanitarian law. Where appropriate, and in accordance with domestic law, the term “victim” also includes the immediate family or dependants of the direct victim and persons who have suffered harm in intervening to assist victims in distress or to prevent victimization.
9. A person shall be considered a victim regardless of whether the perpetrator of the violation is identified, apprehended, prosecuted, or convicted and regardless of the familial relationship between the perpetrator and the victim.
VI. Treatment of victims
10. Victims should be treated with humanity and respect for their dignity and human rights, and appropriate measures should be taken to ensure their safety, physical and psychological well-being and privacy, as well as those of their families. The State should ensure that its domestic laws, to the extent possible, provide that a victim who has suffered violence or trauma should benefit from special consideration and care to avoid his or her re-traumatization in the course of legal and administrative procedures designed to provide justice and reparation.
VII. Victims’ right to remedies
11. Remedies for gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law include the victim’s right to the following as provided for under international law:
(a) Equal and effective access to justice;
(b) Adequate, effective and prompt reparation for harm suffered;
(c) Access to relevant information concerning violations and reparation mechanisms.
VIII. Access to justice
12. A victim of a gross violation of international human rights law or of a serious violation of international humanitarian law shall have equal access to an effective judicial remedy as provided for under international law. Other remedies available to the victim include access to administrative and other bodies, as well as mechanisms, modalities and proceedings conducted in accordance with domestic law. Obligations arising under international law to secure the right to access justice and fair and impartial proceedings shall be reflected in domestic laws. To that end, States should:
(a) Disseminate, through public and private mechanisms, information about all available remedies for gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law;
(b) Take measures to minimize the inconvenience to victims and their representatives, protect against unlawful interference with their privacy as appropriate and ensure their safety from intimidation and retaliation, as well as that of their families and witnesses, before, during and after judicial, administrative, or other proceedings that affect the interests of victims;
(c) Provide proper assistance to victims seeking access to justice;
(d) Make available all appropriate legal, diplomatic and consular means to ensure that victims can exercise their rights to remedy for gross violations of international human rights law or serious violations of international humanitarian law.
13. In addition to individual access to justice, States should endeavour to develop procedures to allow groups of victims to present claims for reparation and to receive reparation, as appropriate.
14. An adequate, effective and prompt remedy for gross violations of international human rights law or serious violations of international humanitarian law should include all available and appropriate international processes in which a person may have legal standing and should be without prejudice to any other domestic remedies.
IX. Reparation for harm suffered
15. Adequate, effective and prompt reparation is intended to promote justice by redressing gross violations of international human rights law or serious violations of international humanitarian law. Reparation should be proportional to the gravity of the violations and the harm suffered. In accordance with its domestic laws and international legal obligations, a State shall provide reparation to victims for acts or omissions which can be attributed to the State and constitute gross violations of international human rights law or serious violations of international humanitarian law. In cases where a person, a legal person, or other entity is found liable for reparation to a victim, such party should provide reparation to the victim or compensate the State if the State has already provided reparation to the victim.
16. States should endeavour to establish national programmes for reparation and other assistance to victims in the event that the parties liable for the harm suffered are unable or unwilling to meet their obligations.
17. States shall, with respect to claims by victims, enforce domestic judgements for reparation against individuals or entities liable for the harm suffered and endeavour to enforce valid foreign legal judgements for reparation in accordance with domestic law and international legal obligations. To that end, States should provide under their domestic laws effective mechanisms for the enforcement of reparation judgements.
18. In accordance with domestic law and international law, and taking account of individual circumstances, victims of gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law should, as appropriate and proportional to the gravity of the violation and the circumstances of each case, be provided with full and effective reparation, as laid out in principles 19 to 23, which include the following forms: restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition.
19. Restitution should, whenever possible, restore the victim to the original situation before the gross violations of international human rights law or serious violations of international humanitarian law occurred. Restitution includes, as appropriate: restoration of liberty, enjoyment of human rights, identity, family life and citizenship, return to one’s place of residence, restoration of employment and return of property.
20. Compensation should be provided for any economically assessable damage, as appropriate and proportional to the gravity of the violation and the circumstances of each case, resulting from gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law, such as:
(a) Physical or mental harm;
(b) Lost opportunities, including employment, education and social benefits;
(c) Material damages and loss of earnings, including loss of earning potential;
(d) Moral damage;
(e) Costs required for legal or expert assistance, medicine and medical services, and psychological and social services.
21. Rehabilitation should include medical and psychological care as well as legal and social services.
22. Satisfaction should include, where applicable, any or all of the following:
(a) Effective measures aimed at the cessation of continuing violations;
(b) Verification of the facts and full and public disclosure of the truth to the extent that such disclosure does not cause further harm or threaten the safety and interests of the victim, the victim’s relatives, witnesses, or persons who have intervened to assist the victim or prevent the occurrence of further violations;
(c) The search for the whereabouts of the disappeared, for the identities of the children abducted, and for the bodies of those killed, and assistance in the recovery, identification and reburial of the bodies in accordance with the expressed or presumed wish of the victims, or the cultural practices of the families and communities;
(d) An official declaration or a judicial decision restoring the dignity, the reputation and the rights of the victim and of persons closely connected with the victim;
(e) Public apology, including acknowledgement of the facts and acceptance of responsibility;
(f) Judicial and administrative sanctions against persons liable for the violations;
(g) Commemorations and tributes to the victims;
(h) Inclusion of an accurate account of the violations that occurred in international human rights law and international humanitarian law training and in educational material at all levels.
23. Guarantees of non-repetition should include, where applicable, any or all of the following measures, which will also contribute to prevention:
(a) Ensuring effective civilian control of military and security forces;
(b) Ensuring that all civilian and military proceedings abide by international standards of due process, fairness and impartiality;
(c) Strengthening the independence of the judiciary;
(d) Protecting persons in the legal, medical and health-care professions, the media and other related professions, and human rights defenders;
(e) Providing, on a priority and continued basis, human rights and international humanitarian law education to all sectors of society and training for law enforcement officials as well as military and security forces;
(f) Promoting the observance of codes of conduct and ethical norms, in particular international standards, by public servants, including law enforcement, correctional, media, medical, psychological, social service and military personnel, as well as by economic enterprises;
(g) Promoting mechanisms for preventing and monitoring social conflicts and their resolution;
(h) Reviewing and reforming laws contributing to or allowing gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law.
X. Access to relevant information concerning violations and reparation mechanisms
24. States should develop means of informing the general public and, in particular, victims of gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law of the rights and remedies addressed by these Basic Principles and Guidelines and of all available legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and all other services to which victims may have a right of access. Moreover, victims and their representatives should be entitled to seek and obtain information on the causes leading to their victimization and on the causes and conditions pertaining to the gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law and to learn the truth in regard to these violations.
XI. Non-discrimination
25. The application and interpretation of these Basic Principles and Guidelines must be consistent with international human rights law and international humanitarian law and be without any discrimination of any kind or on any ground, without exception.
XII. Non-derogation
26. Nothing in these Basic Principles and Guidelines shall be construed as restricting or derogating from any rights or obligations arising under domestic and international law. In particular, it is understood that the present Basic Principles and Guidelines are without prejudice to the right to a remedy and reparation for victims of all violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. It is further understood that these Basic Principles and Guidelines are without prejudice to special rules of international law.
XIII. Rights of others
27. Nothing in this document is to be construed as derogating from internationally or nationally protected rights of others, in particular the right of an accused person to benefit from applicable standards of due process.
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