譯者序
聯合國大會於 1985 年 11 月 29 日通過第 40/34 號決議，通過了《犯罪和權力濫用被害人司法基本原則宣言》(Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power)，以下簡稱《宣言》)。這份重要的國際文件，確立了犯罪被害人及權力濫用被害人應享有的基本權利，包括獲得司法救濟、賠償、必要協助及資訊的權利，為各國保障被害人權益提供了重要的指引。
台灣於 2023 年大幅修正通過的《犯罪被害人權益保障法》，其立法精神與架構深受此《宣言》的影響。在該法第 26 條的立法理由中，明確指出其修法係參酌了 1985 年聯合國通過的這份宣言。足見此宣言對於台灣犯罪被害人保護制度發展的重要性。
然而，目前網路上可搜尋到的聯合國官方簡體中文版本，其翻譯品質並不理想，不僅用詞與台灣法律用語有所出入，部分語句亦不符合台灣繁體中文的語法習慣，對於一般民眾甚至法律專業人士而言，皆不易理解其真義。
有鑑於此，身為犯罪被害人保護工作的實務工作者，筆者認為有必要重新翻譯此宣言，以提供國人更為精確且符合台灣法律用語與中文語法習慣的版本，期能促進各界對於這份重要文件的認識與理解，進而落實於犯罪被害人權益的保障。
本譯文以聯合國英文版本為依據，參照了目前台灣相關法律的用語，並力求符合繁體中文的表達習慣。其中，部分法律專有名詞，例如「restitution」、「compensation」、「rehabilitation」等，由於在台灣法律體系中尚無完全對應的單一詞彙，筆者參考了相關法律的譯法，分別譯為「回復原狀」、「補償」及「康復重建」，並盡力在譯文中保持一致性。期盼透過更貼近台灣用語的翻譯，使我國民眾及法律專業人士更深入理解這份重要文件的內涵。由於此宣言年代已久，台灣民眾對於這份宣言也比較陌生，對於簡體中文版可能會有隔閡感，而且我國於2023年也通過了《犯罪被害人權益保障法》，這個版本可以協助大家了解1985年的宣言內容，有助於對我國新法的了解。本譯文為個人意見，不代表筆者所屬機關立場，如有疏漏或不盡完善之處，敬請各界先進不吝指正賜教，讓本譯文更為周延。
蕭逸民 2025/2/1
犯罪與權力濫用被害人司法基本原則宣言
聯合國大會第40/34號決議案通過，1985年11月29日。
A. 犯罪被害人
1. 「被害人」係指因違反會員國現行刑事法律之作為與不作為，以及那些禁止權力濫用的刑事法律，而個別或集體遭受傷害之人。傷害包括身體或精神傷害、情感痛苦、經濟損失或其基本權利的實質損害。2. 依本宣言，無論加害人是否經確認、逮捕、起訴或定罪，亦不論加害人與被害人之間是否有親屬關係，均得視為被害人。「被害人」一詞在適當情況下亦包括直接被害人之近親或受扶養人，以及為協助遭遇危難之被害人或防止被害而受害之人。
3. 本宣言所載規定應適用於所有人，不得有任何歧視，如種族、膚色、性別、年齡、語言、宗教、國籍、政治或其他主張、文化信仰或習俗、財產、出生或家世身份、族裔或社會階級、身心障礙等。
司法救濟與公正對待
4. 應以同理心對待被害人，並尊重其尊嚴。被害人有權獲得司法機制救濟，並依國內法規定迅速獲得賠償，以彌補其所受損害。5. 應建立並於必要時強化司法及行政機制，使被害人能透過正式或非正式程序，迅速、公正、無須鉅資且易於使用的救濟程序。在透過這樣的機制尋求救濟時，應充分告知被害人權利。
6. 回應被害人需求，司法和行政機關應藉由下列方式進行相關程序：
(a) 告知被害人在訴訟中的角色，訴訟程序的範圍、時程與進展，以及案件處理情況，尤其是案件涉及重大犯罪且被害人要求提供上開資訊時；
(b) 在不損害被告權益且符合相關國家刑事司法制度的前提下，允許被害人在訴訟程序的適當階段，就個人利益受影響的事項表達意見與關切，以供審酌。
(c) 在整個法律程序中為被害人提供適當協助；
(d) 採取措施將被害人不便降至最低、保護隱私，必要時確保被害人、被害人家屬與為其作證之證人的人身安全，免於恐嚇與報復；
(e) 避免在處理案件和執行賠償被害人的命令或裁定時，出現不必要的遲延。
7. 應於適當情況下，運用調解、仲裁、習慣法或原住民傳統等訴訟外紛爭解決機制，以促進和解並為被害人提供救濟。
回復原狀
8. 加害人或應對其行為負責之第三方應妥善地為被害人及其家屬或受扶養人提供公正的回復原狀。此類回復原狀應包括返還財產或賠償所受傷害或損失、補償因被害而產生之費用、提供服務及恢復權利。9. 各國政府應審查其慣例、命令和法律，將回復原狀作為刑事案件量刑選項之一，作為其他刑事制裁的補充。
10. 在造成重大環境侵害的案件中，如經命令回復原狀，應盡可能包括環境復原、基礎設施重建、社區設施更換，以及此等損害導致社區遷移時，重新安置費用的補償。
11. 當公務員或其他以公職或準公職身份行事的人員違反國內刑事法律時，被害人應從對公務員或其他人員所造成傷害負有責任的國家獲得回復原狀。在造成被害的作為或不作為發生時的政府已不復存在的情況下，繼承的國家或政府應為被害人提供回復原狀。
補償
12. 當無法從加害人或其他來源獲得充分的回復原狀時，國家應致力向下列人員提供金錢補償：(a) 因嚴重犯罪而遭受重大身體傷害或身心健康損害之被害人；
(b)因嚴重犯罪而死亡或身心喪失能力的被害人家屬，特別是其受扶養人。
13. 應鼓勵設立、強化及擴充對被害人提供補償之國家基金。在適當情況下，還可為此目的設立其他基金，包括在被害人所屬國家無力補償被害人所遭受傷害的情況下。
協助
14. 被害人應從政府、志願機構、社區及地方資源獲得必要之物資、醫療、心理及社會的協助。15. 應告知被害人可獲得的衛生、社會服務和其他相關協助，並使其能夠便利地使用這些服務。
16. 警察、司法、衛生、社會服務及其他相關人員應接受訓練，以提高其對被害人需求的敏感度，並應制定準則以確保提供適當且及時之協助。
17. 在向被害人提供服務和協助時，應特別關注由於受害性質或第3段提及的各種因素，而有特殊需求的被害人。
B. 權力濫用被害人
18. 「被害人」係指因尚未構成違反國家刑事法律，但違反國際公認人權規範之作為或不作為，而個別或集體遭受傷害之人，包括身體或精神傷害、情感痛苦、經濟損失或基本權利的實質損害。19. 各國應考慮將禁止權力濫用的規範納入國內法，並為權力濫用的被害人提供救濟。特別是，此類救濟應包括回復原狀和（或）補償，以及必要的物資、醫療、心理和社會協助與支持。
20. 各國應考慮就第18段所定義之被害人議題提供多邊國際條約之談判。
21. 各國應定期審查現行法律和慣例，以確保其能夠應對不斷變化的情勢，必要時應制定和執行法律，禁止構成嚴重濫用政治或經濟權力的行為，並推動政策和機制防止權力濫用，同時應為被害人制定並提供適當的權利和救濟措施。
Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power
Adopted by General Assembly resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985
A. Victims of crime
1. "Victims" means persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of power.2. A person may be considered a victim, under this Declaration, regardless of whether the perpetrator is identified, apprehended, prosecuted or convicted and regardless of the familial relationship between the perpetrator and the victim. The term "victim" also includes, where appropriate, the immediate family or dependants of the direct victim and persons who have suffered harm in intervening to assist victims in distress or to prevent victimization.
3. The provisions contained herein shall be applicable to all, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, age, language, religion, nationality, political or other opinion, cultural beliefs or practices, property, birth or family status, ethnic or social origin, and disability.
Access to justice and fair treatment
4. Victims should be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity. They are entitled to access to the mechanisms of justice and to prompt redress, as provided for by national legislation, for the harm that they have suffered.
5. Judicial and administrative mechanisms should be established and strengthened where necessary to enable victims to obtain redress through formal or informal procedures that are expeditious, fair, inexpensive and accessible. Victims should be informed of their rights in seeking redress through such mechanisms.
6. The responsiveness of judicial and administrative processes to the needs of victims should be facilitated by:
( a ) Informing victims of their role and the scope, timing and progress of the proceedings and of the disposition of their cases, especially where serious crimes are involved and where they have requested such information;
( b ) Allowing the views and concerns of victims to be presented and considered at appropriate stages of the proceedings where their personal interests are affected, without prejudice to the accused and consistent with the relevant national criminal justice system;
( c ) Providing proper assistance to victims throughout the legal process;
( d ) Taking measures to minimize inconvenience to victims, protect their privacy, when necessary, and ensure their safety, as well as that of their families and witnesses on their behalf, from intimidation and retaliation;
( e ) Avoiding unnecessary delay in the disposition of cases and the execution of orders or decrees granting awards to victims.
7. Informal mechanisms for the resolution of disputes, including mediation, arbitration and customary justice or indigenous practices, should be utilized where appropriate to facilitate conciliation and redress for victims.
Restitution
8. Offenders or third parties responsible for their behaviour should, where appropriate, make fair restitution to victims, their families or dependants. Such restitution should include the return of property or payment for the harm or loss suffered, reimbursement of expenses incurred as a result of the victimization, the provision of services and the restoration of rights.
9. Governments should review their practices, regulations and laws to consider restitution as an available sentencing option in criminal cases, in addition to other criminal sanctions.
10. In cases of substantial harm to the environment, restitution, if ordered, should include, as far as possible, restoration of the environment, reconstruction of the infrastructure, replacement of community facilities and reimbursement of the expenses of relocation, whenever such harm results in the dislocation of a community.
11. Where public officials or other agents acting in an official or quasi-official capacity have violated national criminal laws, the victims should receive restitution from the State whose officials or agents were responsible for the harm inflicted. In cases where the Government under whose authority the victimizing act or omission occurred is no longer in existence, the State or Government successor in title should provide restitution to the victims.
Compensation
12. When compensation is not fully available from the offender or other sources, States should endeavour to provide financial compensation to:( a ) Victims who have sustained significant bodily injury or impairment of physical or mental health as a result of serious crimes;
( b ) The family, in particular dependants of persons who have died or become physically or mentally incapacitated as a result of such victimization.
13. The establishment, strengthening and expansion of national funds for compensation to victims should be encouraged. Where appropriate, other funds may also be established for this purpose, including in those cases where the State of which the victim is a national is not in a position to compensate the victim for the harm.
Assistance
14. Victims should receive the necessary material, medical, psychological and social assistance through governmental, voluntary, community-based and indigenous means.15. Victims should be informed of the availability of health and social services and other relevant assistance and be readily afforded access to them.
16. Police, justice, health, social service and other personnel concerned should receive training to sensitize them to the needs of victims, and guidelines to ensure proper and prompt aid.
17. In providing services and assistance to victims, attention should be given to those who have special needs because of the nature of the harm inflicted or because of factors such as those mentioned in paragraph 3 above.
B. Victims of abuse of power
18. "Victims" means persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that do not yet constitute violations of national criminal laws but of internationally recognized norms relating to human rights.19. States should consider incorporating into the national law norms proscribing abuses of power and providing remedies to victims of such abuses. In particular, such remedies should include restitution and/or compensation, and necessary material, medical, psychological and social assistance and support.
20. States should consider negotiating multilateral international treaties relating to victims, as defined in paragraph 18.
21. States should periodically review existing legislation and practices to ensure their responsiveness to changing circumstances, should enact and enforce, if necessary, legislation proscribing acts that constitute serious abuses of political or economic power, as well as promoting policies and mechanisms for the prevention of such acts, and should develop and make readily available appropriate rights and remedies for victims of such acts.
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