譯者序
聯合國經濟及社會理事會於 2005 年通過的《兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則》（Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime，以下簡稱「《準則》」），針對在刑事司法程序中如何確保兒童被害人及證人的權益，提供了系統而明確的國際指引。該文件強調兒童在司法過程中應有的參與權，並說明專業人員如何協助、保護及尊重兒童的需求。保障「參與權」讓兒童能自由表達意見並納入司法決策考量，是《準則》的一大核心精神，特別對各國建立或改革更友善的兒童司法環境具有深遠影響。
在台灣，雖然近年來對兒童權益的重視度不斷提高，如通過《兒童權利公約》及其施行法，並陸續推動「兒童證人詢問方案」、「兒童司法訪談」等措施，然而實際的法制與制度設計仍有許多待補足之處。最顯著的例子，便是 憲法法庭釋字第 805 號 解釋所揭示的問題：
- 該解釋於 2021 年 7 月 16 日宣示，當時的《少年事件處理法》第 36 條並未明定保障被害人（及其法定代理人）在少年保護事件中到庭陳述意見的權利，違反了憲法正當法律程序原則，也侵害了被害人的參與權。
- 大法官因此要求相關機關應於解釋公布後兩年內完成修法。修法前，少年法院應主動通知被害人到庭陳述意見，除非有正當理由認為不適宜。
為了落實釋字第 805 號解釋的意旨，立法院於 2023 年 5 月 30 日通過《少年事件處理法》修正案，並於同年 6 月 21 日正式施行。修法後，於第 36 條之 1 明確規範少年法院應通知被害人到庭陳述意見，並得由律師或相關人員陪同；同時也強化保護措施與程序正當性。雖然此舉在保障被害人參與方面向前邁進了一步，但整體制度仍需更系統化的輔助與細化規範，才能真正照顧到兒童被害人的特殊需求，並實踐兒童最佳利益原則。
也正因如此，重新翻譯並引介《兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則》格外顯得重要。
《準則》對於「兒童被害人及證人應如何參與司法程序」的原則與操作方式，有極為詳細的規範與建議，例如：
- 明定年齡不應成為兒童參與的障礙。
- 建議為兒童提供法律、心理、社會服務等多方位的協助。
- 強調應聆聽並回應兒童的意見和關切，透過專業人員的協助，確保兒童能在安全且尊嚴的環境中表達意見。
這些建議不僅與釋字第 805 號及後續修法的精神相呼應，更提供了更高層次的國際標準，協助我國司法與兒少保護體系思考並落實「兒童參與」的具體作法。
然而，目前網路上可搜尋到的聯合國官方簡體中文版本，其翻譯品質並不理想，不僅用詞與台灣法律用語有所出入，部分語句亦不符合台灣繁體中文的語法習慣，對於一般民眾甚至法律專業人士而言，皆不易理解其真義。
有鑑於此，筆者身為長期關注兒童權益與犯罪被害人保護的實務工作者，決定參照聯合國英文原文、結合台灣現行法規與專業用語，重新翻譯本《準則》。本譯文力求既能忠實呈現原文的精神與內容，又兼顧台灣法律與兒少保護領域的用語慣例，並盡量提升可讀性及應用性。
期盼透過本譯文，能促進我國在 兒童被害人參與司法程序 等議題上的深入研究與制度完善，進而呼應釋字第 805 號解釋和《少年事件處理法》修法後的要求，真正落實兒童最佳利益原則與正當法律程序。筆者亦盼望政府與相關單位未來能出台正式的官方繁體中文版本，讓更多人瞭解並運用此一國際指引。
如有疏漏或不盡完善之處，懇請各界先進不吝指正與賜教，以期不斷精進，讓台灣的兒童司法保護和犯罪被害人權益保障更趨完整。
蕭逸民 2025/2/4
兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則
經濟及社會理事會2005/20號決議，2005年7月22日通過。
經濟及社會理事會，
回顧其1996年7月23日第1996/16號決議，其中請秘書長繼續促進聯合國預防犯罪和刑事司法標準和規範的實施和適用，
並回顧其2004年7月21日關於兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則的第2004/27號決議，其中要求秘書長召集一個跨政府專家小組，負責制定兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則，
進一步回顧大會1985年11月29日第40/34號決議，其中大會通過了決議所附《犯罪與權力濫用被害人之司法基本原則宣言》，
回顧大會在其1989年11月20日第44/25號決議中通過的《兒童權利公約》，特別是其中第3條和第39條的規定，以及大會在其2000年5月25日第54/263號決議中通過的《兒童權利公約關於買賣兒童、兒童賣淫和兒童色情製品問題的任擇議定書》，特別是其中第8條的規定，
認識到必須確保兒童被害人和證人的司法正義，同時保障被告的權利，
並認識作為被害人和證人的兒童特別脆弱，並需要根據其年齡、成熟度和特殊需求，提供適當的保護、協助與支持，以防止因參與刑事司法過程遭受二次痛苦和創傷，
銘記犯罪和被害行為對兒童被害人和證人的身心和情感所造成的嚴重後果，特別是在涉及性剝削的案件中，
並銘記兒童被害人和證人參與刑事司法程序，對有效起訴至關重要，特別是在兒童被害人可能是唯一的證人的情況下，
認識到國際兒童權利局為制定兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則奠定基礎所做的努力，
讚許2005年3月15日和16日在維也納舉行的制定兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則跨政府專家小組會議所完成的工作，該會議由加拿大政府提供預算外資源，並認可跨政府專家小組所提出的會議報告，
認可於2005年4月18日至25日在曼谷舉行的第十一屆聯合國預防犯罪和刑事司法大會，題目為「使標準發揮作用：五十年來在預防犯罪和刑事司法領域的標準制定」的項目報告，
歡迎在第十一屆聯合國預防犯罪和刑事司法大會高級別會議上通過的《曼谷宣言：預防犯罪和刑事司法的協同與對策》，特別是其中第17和33段，認識到為犯罪的證人和被害人提供支持和服務的重要性。
通過本決議所附《兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則》，作為會員國加強刑事司法系統中兒童被害人和證人保護的適用框架；
請會員國，在制定涉及兒童被害人或證人相關刑事訴訟的法律、程序、政策和作法時，妥善地參考本準則；
呼籲已制訂關於兒童被害人和證人的立法、程序、政策或做法的會員國，在其他國家提出需求時，適當地提供資訊，並協助其開展與使用本準則有關的培訓或其他活動；
呼籲聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室在可用的預算外資源範圍內提供技術協助，同時不排除使用聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室現有的經常預算資源，並應會員國要求向其提供諮詢服務，以協助其運用本準則；
請秘書長確保本準則在會員國、聯合國預防犯罪和刑事司法方案網絡各研究所及其他國際、區域及非政府組織及機構中得到最廣泛的傳播；
建議會員國將本準則提請相關政府機構及非政府組織及機構重視；
請聯合國預防犯罪及刑事司法方案網絡各研究所提供與本準則有關的培訓，收集並分享各國成功實施本準則的模式；
請秘書長向預防犯罪及刑事司法委員會第十七屆會議報告本決議實施情況。
附件
兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則
一、目標
1. 本《兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則》闡明了當代知識體系和相關的國際及區域規範、標準和原則所共同確認的優良實踐。
2. 本準則應當依照相關的國家法規和司法程序加以實施，並應當考慮到法律、社會、經濟、文化和地理方面的條件。但是，各國應當不斷努力克服在適用本準則方面所遇到的實際困難。
3. 本準則為達成下述目標提供了實用框架:
(a) 協助審查國內法律、程序和實踐，以確保其能充分尊重兒童被害人和證人的權利，並協助締約國實施《兒童權利公約》；
(b) 協助政府、國際組織、公共機構、非政府組織和社區組織以及其他利害關係人，針對兒童被害人和證人的關鍵議題，規劃和實施相關法規、政策、方案和做法。
(c) 為了落實《犯罪與權力濫用被害人之司法基本原則宣言》的意旨，指導參與兒童被害人和證人工作的專業人員，以及適當的志工，在國家、區域和國際層面的成人和兒少司法程序的日常實務中，遵循該宣言的原則；
(d) 協助和支持照顧兒童的人員，建立應對兒童被害人和證人的專業敏感度。
4. 在實施本準則時，各司法管轄區應確保為專業人員提供充分的培訓，建立適當的遴選和程序機制，以保護兒童被害人和證人，並針對不同犯罪類型對兒童被害人產生的差異化影響，滿足其特殊需求，例如兒童性侵害案件，尤其女童案件。
5. 本準則所涵蓋的領域，其知識和實務正在成長和進步中。準則並非意在詳盡無遺，也不排除未來的發展，前提是這些發展需與準則的基本目標和原則相符。
6. 本準則也可適用於訴訟外和習慣法的司法程序，如修復式司法，以及非刑事法律領域，包括但不限於監護、離婚、收養、兒童保護、心理健康、國際、移民和難民等法律。
二. 特別考慮
7. 準則的制訂顧及到以下諸方面:
(a) 認識到全世界千百萬兒童因犯罪和權力濫用而受到傷害，這些兒童的權利尚未得到充分承認，在協助司法過程時還可能遭受更多痛苦；
(b) 認識到兒童容易受害，需要根據其年齡、成熟度和個別特殊需求獲得適當的特殊保護；
(c) 認識到女童特別容易受害，並且在司法系統的各個階段可能面臨歧視；
(d) 重申必須盡一切努力防止兒童受害，包括通過實施《預防犯罪準則》；
(e) 認識到實際上是被害人和證人的兒童，如果被錯誤地當成加害人，就有可能遭受更多的痛苦；
(f) 回顧《兒童權利公約》闡明了爭取兒童權利得到有效承認的要求和原則，《犯罪與權力濫用被害人之司法基本原則宣言》則闡明了賦予被害人獲得資訊、參與、保護、賠償和協助權利的原則；
(g) 回顧為落實《犯罪與權力濫用被害人之司法基本原則宣言》各項原則而發起的國際和區域倡議，其中包括聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室1999年印發的《為被害人爭取正義手冊》和《司法基本原則宣言的政策制定者指南》；
(h) 承認國際兒童權利局在為為制定兒童被害人和證人刑事司法準則奠定基礎所做的努力；
(i) 認為改善應對兒童被害人和證人的方法，可促使兒童及其家人更樂於揭露受害情形，也更加支持司法程序；
(j) 回顧必須確保兒童被害人和證人的司法正義，同時保障被告和已定罪加害人的權利，
(k) 考慮到法律制度和法律傳統的多樣性，應注意到犯罪日趨具有跨國性質，因此需要確保兒童被害人和證人在所有國家都能受到相同的保護。
三、原則
8. 如國際文書特別是《兒童權利公約》所指出，並且如兒童權利委員會的工作所體現的那樣，為了確保為犯罪的兒童被害人和證人獲得司法正義，負責這些兒童福利的專業人員和其他人員，必須尊重以下普遍原則:
(a) 尊嚴。每個兒童都是一個獨特和寶貴的人，因此其個人尊嚴、特殊需要、利益和隱私應當得到尊重和保護；
(b) 不歧視。每個兒童都有權得到公平和平等的對待，而不因其父母或法定監護人的種族、民族、膚色、性別、語言、宗教、政治或其他主張、民族、族裔或社會階級、財產、身心障礙、出生或其他身分而有任何差別；
(c) 兒童的最佳利益。雖然應保障被控告的和已定罪的罪犯的權利，但每個兒童都有權要求優先考慮其最佳利益。這包括受到保護的權利和獲得均衡發展機會的權利:
(一) 受到保護。每個兒童都享有生命和生存的權利，並有權受到保護，免於遭受任何形式的痛苦、虐待或忽視，包括身體、心理、精神和情感上的虐待和忽視；
(二) 均衡發展。每個兒童都有權獲得均衡發展的機會，並享有足以促進身體、心理、精神、道德和社會成長的生活標準。對於受到創傷的兒童，應當採取一切措施，確保其享有健康的發展；
(d) 參與權。在符合國內程序法的前提下，每個兒童都有權用自己的語言自由表達其看法、意見和信念，尤其是對影響其生活的決定，包括在任何司法程序中所作的決定。同時，兒童的意見應根據其能力、年齡、智力成熟程度和持續發展的行為能力，納入決策考量。
四. 定義
9. 本準則通篇適用以下定義:
(a) 「兒童被害人和證人」指未滿18歲、成為犯罪被害人或證人的兒童和青少年，無論其在犯罪行為中或在對被指控的加害人或犯罪集團的追訴程序中所起的作用，皆包括在內。
(b) 「專業人員」指在其工作範圍內，與兒童被害人和證人接觸的人員，或負責處理司法系統中兒童需求的人員，本準則適用於這些人員。這包括但不限於以下人員：兒童和被害人倡議與支援人員；兒童保護服務從業人員；兒童福利機構工作人員；檢察官和適當的律師；外交和領事人員；家庭暴力防治方案工作人員；法官；法院工作人員；執法人員；醫療和心理健康專業人員；以及社會工作人員。
(c) 「司法程序」包括犯罪調查、報案、偵查、起訴以及審判和審判後等程序，無論案件是在針對成年或少年的國內、國際或區域刑事司法系統中，還是在習慣法或訴訟外的司法系統中處理；
(d) 「兒童敏感性」指在保護兒童權利的同時，兼顧兒童的個別需求與意見，採取平衡的處理方式。
五. 獲得有尊嚴和同理心對待的權利
10. 在整個司法過程中應當以關愛和敏感的態度對待兒童被害人和證人，考慮到他們的個人處境和迫切需要、年齡、性別、身心障礙和成熟程度，並充分尊重他們的身體、精神和道德的完整性。
11. 每個兒童都應當被當作是有個人需求、意願和感受的獨立個體來對待。
12. 對兒童私生活的干預應限制在最低必要程度，同時維持高標準的證據收集，以確保司法程序的公平和公正結果。
13. 為避免對兒童造成二度傷害，訪談、訊問和其他形式的調查應由受過訓練的專業人員進行，並以敏感、尊重和周全的方式進行。
14. 本準則中所說明的所有互動均應在考慮到兒童特殊需要的適當環境中，根據兒童的能力、年齡、智力成熟程度和持續發展的行為能力，以具有兒童敏感性的方式進行。這些互動也應以兒童能夠使用並且理解的語言進行。
六、免受歧視的權利
15. 兒童被害人和證人應當享有利用司法程序的權利，使其受到保護，不因兒童本人、父母或法定監護人的種族、膚色、性別、語言、宗教、政治或其他主張、國籍、族裔或社會階級、財產、身心障礙、出生或其他身份的歧視。
16. 向兒童被害人和證人及其家庭提供的司法程序和支持服務，應當以敏感的態度對待兒童的年齡、願望、理解程度、性別、性傾向、種族、文化、宗教、語言和社會背景、階級、社會經濟條件以及移民或難民身份，同時還應以敏感的態度注意到兒童的特殊需求，包括健康、能力和行為能力。專業人員應當接受有關這些差異的培訓和教育。
17. 在某些情況下，為了顧及性別差異及某些針對兒童之特定犯罪的不同性質，例如涉及兒童的性侵害，需設立專門服務與保護措施。
18. 年齡不應成為兒童充分參與司法程序權利的障礙。每個兒童都應被視為有能力的證人，可以接受訊問。只要兒童的年齡和成熟度允許其提供可理解和可信的證詞，無論是否需要溝通輔助工具和其他協助，其證詞都不應僅因年齡而被推定為無效或不可信。
七、知情權
19. 兒童被害人和證人、其父母或監護人和法律代理人，從首次接觸司法程序起，在整個程序中，都應當被迅速而充分地告知以下方面的情況，但以可行和適當為限：
(a) 可獲得的健康、心理、社會及其他相關服務，以及取得這些服務的方式；在適用情況下，還包括法律或其他諮詢、代理服務、補償和緊急經濟支持的相關資訊；
(b) 成年和少年刑事司法程序，包括兒童被害人和證人的角色，提供證詞的重要性、時機和方式，以及在偵查和審判期間進行「詰問」的方式；
(c) 為兒童的報案和參與偵查和法院程序而提供的現有支持機制；
(d) 庭審和其他相關步驟的具體地點和時間；
(e) 可獲得的保護措施；
(f) 對涉及兒童被害人和證人的判決進行複審的現有機制；
(g) 根據《兒童權利公約》及《犯罪和濫用權力被害人知基本司法原則宣言》所賦予的兒童被害人和證人的相關權利。
20. 此外，兒童被害人、其父母或監護人及法律代理人應在可行及適當的範圍內，迅速且充分地被告知下列事項：
(a) 具體案件的進展和處理情況，包括被嫌疑人的拘捕、逮捕、羈押與可能發生的任何改變、檢察機關的決定、庭審後的相關發展和案件的最終結果；
(b) 從加害人或國家獲得賠償的現有管道，包括透過司法程序、替代的民事訴訟程序或其他程序。
八、表達意見和關切的權利
21. 專業人員應盡一切努力，促使兒童被害人和證人能夠就其參與司法程序表達意見與關切，包括：
(a) 確保兒童被害人，以及在適當情況下作為證人的兒童，就上文第19段所列的事項獲得諮詢；
(b) 確保兒童被害人和證人能夠自由地、以自己的方式表達：對參與司法程序的意見和關切、因被告而產生的人身安全顧慮、願意提供證詞的方式，以及對司法程序結果的感受；
(c) 充分考慮兒童的意見和關切，若無法滿足其意見，應向兒童解釋原因。
九、獲得有效協助的權利
22. 兒童被害人和證人以及在適當情況下他們的家庭成員，應當有權取得按下文第40至42段所述接受過相關培訓的專業人員提供的協助。這可能包括財務、法律、諮詢、健康、社會和教育服務、生理和心理復原服務和其他必要的服務，以協助兒童重新融入社會。所有這些協助應針對兒童的需求，並使其能夠有效參與司法程序的各個階段。
23. 在協助兒童被害人和證人時，專業人員應當盡一切努力協調各種支持服務，以使兒童不受到過多的干預。
24. 自最初通報起，兒童被害人和證人應獲得支援人員的協助，如兒童被害人和證人專家，並持續直到不再需要這類服務為止。
25. 專業人員應當制定並採取各種措施，以使兒童更易於提供證詞或提供證據，從而加強審判前階段和審判階段的溝通和理解。這些措施可以包括:
(a) 兒童被害人和證人方面的專家考慮兒童的特殊需求；
(b) 包括專家在內的支持人員和適當的家庭成員在兒童出庭作證期間陪伴兒童；
(c) 必要時指定監護人保護兒童的法律權益。
十. 隱私權
26. 兒童被害人和證人的隱私應作為首要事項加以保護。
27. 應保護與兒童參與司法程序有關的資訊。具體做法包括，嚴守保密規定，以及限制公開可能導致辨識出參與司法程序的兒童被害人或證人身分的資訊
28. 應當採取措施保護兒童，以免發生將其不恰當地暴露給公眾的情況，例如，在國內法允許的情況下，可以在兒童作證時禁止公眾和媒體進入法庭。
十一. 在司法程序中免受痛苦的權利
29. 專業人員應當採取措施，避免在偵查、調查和起訴過程中造成痛苦，以確保兒童被害人和證人的最佳利益和尊嚴得到尊重。
30. 專業人員對待兒童被害人和證人應有敏感性，以便：
(a) 為兒童被害人和證人提供支持，包括在符合兒童最佳利益的情況下，在司法程序中全程陪伴兒童；
(b) 確保程序的明確性，包括盡量明確地向兒童被害人和證人說明在整個過程中可能發生的事情。兒童參與聽證和審判應事先規劃，並應盡力確保與兒童接觸的專業人員，在整個程序中能與兒童保持持續的關係；
(c) 確保在可行情況下盡快進行審判，除非延緩符合兒童的最佳利益。對涉及兒童被害人和證人的犯罪的偵查也應加速進行，並應有相關程序、法律或法院規則，規定加速處理涉及兒童被害人和證人的案件；
(d)採用符合兒童敏感性的程序，包括為兒童設計的訪談室、在同一地點為兒童被害人提供的跨學科服務、考慮到兒童證人而重新配置的法庭環境、兒童作證期間的休息時間、根據兒童年齡和成熟度安排在適當的時間進行聽證、適當的通知系統以確保兒童只在必要時到法庭，以及其他有助於兒童作證的適當措施。
31. 專業人員還應採取措施:
(a) 限制訪談次數：應當採用特別程序對兒童被害人和證人取得證據，以減少面談、陳述、庭審的次數，特別是減少與司法程序的不必要接觸，例如通過使用影像紀錄；
(b) 在符合法律制度和尊重辯護權的前提下，確保兒童被害人和證人被保護，免於接受被指控加害人的交互詰問。根據需要，應在被指控加害人看不到兒童的情況下，進行訊問和法庭審查，並為兒童提供獨立的法院等候室和專用的訊問區域。」
(c)確保以符合兒童敏感性的方式進行兒童被害人和證人的詰問，允許法官行使監督權，同時便利作證程序，以及減少潛在的恐嚇。例如，運用作證輔助工具或指派心理學專家協助。
十二. 安全受保護的權利
32. 如果兒童被害人和證人的安全可能可能面臨風險，應當採取適當措施，要求將這些安全風險報告給有關當局，並在司法程序的前、中、後保護兒童免受此種風險。
33. 與兒童被害人和證人接觸的專業人員，如果懷疑被害人或證人已經、正在或可能受到傷害，必須立即向有關當局報告。
34. 應對專業人員進行培訓，使其能夠識別和防止對兒童被害人和證人的恐嚇、威脅和傷害。如果兒童被害人和證人可能成為恐嚇、威脅或傷害的對象，應建立適當的條件以確保兒童的安全。這些保障措施可能包括:
(a) 在司法程序的任何期間，避免兒童被害人和證人與被指控的加害人直接接觸；
(b) 運用法院下達的保護令並輔之以登記制度；
(c) 下令對被告實行審前羈押，並規定「禁止接觸」的特別保釋條件；
(d) 對被告實行居家監禁；
(e) 在可能和適當的情況下，由警察或其他相關機構為兒童被害人和證人提供保護，並確保其行蹤不被洩露。
十三、獲得賠償的權利
35. 應盡可能為兒童被害人提供賠償，以實現充分的補償、重新融入和康復。賠償取得和強制執行的程序應當易於使用，並符合兒童敏感性。
36. 在相關程序注意兒童敏感性和尊重本準則的情況下，應當鼓勵刑事訴訟程序與賠償程序兩者相結合的做法，同時輔以訴訟外和社區司法程序，例如修復式司法。
37. 賠償可以包括刑事法院命令加害人進行的回復原狀、由國家管理的被害人補償方案提供的援助，以及民事訴訟裁判的損害賠償。如有可能，應當考慮到重新融入社會和教育、醫療診治、心理健康照護和法律服務方面的費用。應確保賠償命令的強制執行和賠償的支付，在程序上優先於罰金的徵收。
十四、要求採取特別預防措施的權利
38. 除了為所有兒童制定的預防措施之外，還應為特別容易被再次被害或侵犯的兒童被害人和證人制定特別策略。
39. 在兒童被害人有可能再次被害風險的情況下，專業人員應制定並實施綜合且量身訂製的策略和介入措施。這些策略和介入措施應當考慮到被害情形的性質，包括家庭內虐待、性剝削、機構內虐待和人口販運等被害情形。這些策略可以涵括政府、鄰里和公民的倡議。
十五、實施
40. 應為從事兒童被害人和證人工作的專業人員提供適當培訓、教育和資訊，目的在於精進和保持專業的方法、策略和態度，從而有效且敏感地保護和對待兒童被害人和證人。
41. 專業人員應接受培訓，包括在專門單位和服務機構的人員，以便有效保護和滿足兒童被害人及證人的需求。
42. 培訓應包括：
(a) 包括兒童權利在內的相關人權規範、標準和原則；
(b) 專業人員職務的守則和倫理義務；
(c) 發現針對兒童犯罪的跡象和徵兆；
(d) 危機評估技能和技術，特別是在進行轉介時，必須遵守保密規定的要求；
(e) 犯罪對兒童的影響、後果，包括生理和心理上的負面效果和創傷；
(f) 在司法過程中協助兒童被害人及證人的特殊措施及技術；
(g) 跨文化和年齡相關的語言、宗教、社會和性別議題；
(h) 妥善的成人與兒童溝通技能；
(i) 可盡量減少對兒童的任何創傷，同時又可盡量提高兒童提供的資訊品質的訪談和評估技術；
(j) 以敏感、理解、建設性和令人安心的方式處理兒童被害人和證人的技能；
(k) 保全和提出證據的方法，以及訊問兒童證人的方法；
(l) 從事兒童被害人和證人工作的專業人員的角色和所使用的方法。
43. 專業人員應盡力採取跨領域和合作的策略來幫助兒童，讓自己通曉各種可利用的服務，例如被害人支持、倡導、經濟協助、諮商、教育、健康、法律和社會服務。這種策略可能包括為司法程序不同階段制定程序規範，以鼓勵為兒童被害人和證人提供服務的各種機構之間的合作，以及其他形式的跨專業合作，如警察、檢察官、醫療、社會服務和心理專業人員在同一地點工作。
44. 應在國家和國際層面加強各國之間以及社會各界之間的國際合作，包括在涉及兒童被害人和證人的跨國犯罪中，提供相互協助，以促進資訊的蒐集與交換，以及犯罪的偵查、調查和起訴。
45. 專業人員應考慮以本準則為基礎，制定旨在協助司法程序中兒童被害人和證人的法律和政策文件、標準與程序。
46. 專業人員應獲得授權，使其能與司法程序中的其他機構一起，定期審查和評估自身角色，以確保兒童權利受到保護，並有效實施本準則。
Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime
ECOSOC Resolution 2005/20
The Economic and Social Council,
Recalling its resolution 1996/16 of 23 July 1996, in which it requested the Secretary-General to continue to promote the use and application of United Nations standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice,
Recalling also its resolution 2004/27 of 21 July 2004 on guidelines on justice for child victims and witnesses of crime, in which it requested the Secretary-General to convene an intergovernmental expert group in order to develop guidelines on justice in matters involving child victims and witnesses of crime,
Recalling further General Assembly resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985, by which the Assembly adopted the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, annexed to the resolution,
Recalling the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the General Assembly by its resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989, in particular articles 3 and 39 thereof, as well as the provisions of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, adopted by the Assembly by its resolution 54/263 of 25 May 2000, in particular article 8 thereof,
Recognizing that justice for child victims and witnesses of crime must be assured while safeguarding the rights of accused persons,
Recognizing also that children who are victims and witnesses are particularly vulnerable and need special protection, assistance and support appropriate to their age, level of maturity and unique needs in order to prevent further hardship and trauma that may result from their participation in the criminal justice process,
Mindful of the serious physical, psychological and emotional consequences of crime and victimization for child victims and witnesses, in particular in cases involving sexual exploitation,
Mindful also of the fact that the participation of child victims and witnesses in the criminal justice process is necessary for effective prosecutions, in particular where the child victim may be the only witness,
Recognizing the efforts of the International Bureau for Children’s Rights in laying the groundwork for the development of guidelines on justice in matters involving child victims and witnesses of crime,
Noting with appreciation the work of the Intergovernmental Expert Group Meeting to Develop Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, held in Vienna on 15 and 16 March 2005, for which extrabudgetary resources were provided
by the Government of Canada, and taking note of the report of the Intergovernmental Expert Group,1
Taking note of the report of the Eleventh United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, held in Bangkok from 18 to 25 April 2005, regarding the item entitled “Making standards work: fifty years of standard-setting in crime prevention and criminal justice”,
Welcoming the Bangkok Declaration on Synergies and Responses: Strategic Alliances in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, adopted at the high-level segment of the Eleventh United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, in particular paragraphs 17 and 33 thereof, in which the importance of providing support and services to witnesses and victims of crime is recognized,
1. Adopts the Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, annexed to the present resolution, as a useful framework that could assist Member States in enhancing the protection of child victims and witnesses in the criminal justice system;
2. Invites Member States to draw, where appropriate, on the Guidelines in the development of legislation, procedures, policies and practices for children who are victims of crime or witnesses in criminal proceedings;
3. Calls upon Member States that have developed legislation, procedures, policies or practices for child victims and witnesses to make information available to other States, upon request and where appropriate, and to assist them in developing and implementing training or other activities in relation to the use of the Guidelines;
4. Calls upon the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to provide technical assistance, within available extrabudgetary resources, not excluding the use of existing resources from the regular budget of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, as well as advisory services, to Member States, upon request, to assist them in the use of the Guidelines;
5. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure the widest possible dissemination of the Guidelines among Member States, the institutes of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme network and other international, regional and non-governmental organizations and institutions;
6. Recommends that Member States bring the Guidelines to the attention of relevant governmental and non-governmental organizations and institutions;
7. Invites the institutes of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme network to provide training in relation to the Guidelines and to consolidate and disseminate information on successful models at the national level;
8. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its seventeenth session on the implementation of the present resolution.
Annex
Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime
I. Objectives
1. The present Guidelines on Justice for Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime set forth good practice based on the consensus of contemporary knowledge and relevant international and regional norms, standards and principles.
2. The Guidelines should be implemented in accordance with relevant national legislation and judicial procedures as well as take into consideration legal, social, economic, cultural and geographical conditions. However, States should constantly endeavour to overcome practical difficulties in the application of the Guidelines.
3. The Guidelines provide a practical framework to achieve the following objectives:
(a) To assist in the review of national and domestic laws, procedures and practices so that these ensure full respect for the rights of child victims and witnesses of crime and contribute to the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, by parties to that Convention;
(b) To assist Governments, international organizations, public agencies, non-governmental and community-based organizations and other interested parties in designing and implementing legislation, policy, programmes and practices that address key issues related to child victims and witnesses of crime;
(c) To guide professionals and, where appropriate, volunteers working with child victims and witnesses of crime in their day-to-day practice in the adult and juvenile justice process at the national, regional and international levels, consistent with the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power;
(d) To assist and support those caring for children in dealing sensitively with child victims and witnesses of crime.
4. In implementing the Guidelines, each jurisdiction should ensure that adequate training, selection and procedures are put in place to protect and meet the special needs of child victims and witnesses of crime, where the nature of the victimization affects categories of children differently, such as sexual assault of children, especially girls.
5. The Guidelines cover a field in which knowledge and practice are growing and improving. They are neither intended to be exhaustive nor to preclude further development, provided it is in harmony with their underlying objectives and principles.
6. The Guidelines could also be applied to processes in informal and customary systems of justice such as restorative justice and in non criminal fields of law including, but not limited to, custody, divorce, adoption, child protection, mental health, citizenship, immigration and refugee law.
II. Special considerations
7. The Guidelines were developed:
(a) Cognizant that millions of children throughout the world suffer harm as a result of crime and abuse of power and that the rights of those children have not been adequately recognized and that they may suffer additional hardship when assisting in the justice process;
(b) Recognizing that children are vulnerable and require special protection appropriate to their age, level of maturity and individual special needs;
(c) Recognizing that girls are particularly vulnerable and may face discrimination at all stages of the justice system;
(d) Reaffirming that every effort must be made to prevent victimization of children, including through implementation of the Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime;
(e) Cognizant that children who are victims and witnesses may suffer additional hardship if mistakenly viewed as offenders when they are in fact victims and witnesses;
(f) Recalling that the Convention on the Rights of the Child sets forth requirements and principles to secure effective recognition of the rights of children and that the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power sets forth principles to provide victims with the right to information, participation, protection, reparation and assistance;
(g) Recalling international and regional initiatives that implement the principles of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, including the Handbook on Justice for Victims and the Guide for Policy Makers on the Declaration of Basic Principles, both issued by the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention in 1999;
(h) Recognizing the efforts of the International Bureau for Children’s Rights in laying the groundwork for the development of guidelines on justice for child victims and witnesses of crime;
(i) Considering that improved responses to child victims and witnesses of crime can make children and their families more willing to disclose instances of victimization and more supportive of the justice process;
(j) Recalling that justice for child victims and witnesses of crime must be assured while safeguarding the rights of accused and convicted offenders;
(k) Bearing in mind the variety of legal systems and traditions, and noting that crime is increasingly transnational in nature and that there is a need to ensure that child victims and witnesses of crime receive equivalent protection in all countries.
III. Principles
8. As stated in international instruments and in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child as reflected in the work of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, and in order to ensure justice for child victims and witnesses of crime, professionals and others responsible for the well-being of those children must respect the following cross-cutting principles:
(a) Dignity. Every child is a unique and valuable human being and as such his or her individual dignity, special needs, interests and privacy should be respected and protected;
(b) Non-discrimination. Every child has the right to be treated fairly and equally, regardless of his or her or the parent’s or legal guardian’s race, ethnicity, colour, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability and birth or other status;
(c) Best interests of the child. While the rights of accused and convicted offenders should be safeguarded, every child has the right to have his or her best interests given primary consideration. This includes the right to protection and to a chance for harmonious development:
(i) Protection. Every child has the right to life and survival and to be shielded from any form of hardship, abuse or neglect, including physical, psychological, mental and emotional abuse and neglect;
(ii) Harmonious development. Every child has the right to a chance for harmonious development and to a standard of living adequate for physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social growth. In the case of a child who has been traumatized, every step should be taken to enable the child to enjoy healthy development;
(d) Right to participation. Every child has, subject to national procedural law, the right to express his or her views, opinions and beliefs freely, in his or her own words, and to contribute especially to the decisions affecting his or her life, including those taken in any judicial processes, and to have those views taken into consideration according to his or her abilities, age, intellectual maturity and evolving capacity.
IV. Definitions
9. Throughout these Guidelines, the following definitions apply:
(a) “Child victims and witnesses” denotes children and adolescents, under the age of 18, who are victims of crime or witnesses to crime regardless of their role in the offence or in the prosecution of the alleged offender or groups of offenders;
(b) “Professionals” refers to persons who, within the context of their work, are in contact with child victims and witnesses of crime or are responsible for addressing the needs of children in the justice system and for whom these Guidelines are applicable. This includes, but is not limited to, the following: child and victim advocates and support persons; child protection service practitioners; child welfare agency staff; prosecutors and, where appropriate, defence lawyers; diplomatic and consular staff; domestic violence programme staff; judges; court staff; law enforcement officials; medical and mental health professionals; and social workers;
(c) “Justice process” encompasses detection of the crime, making of the complaint, investigation, prosecution and trial and post trial procedures, regardless of whether the case is handled in a national, international or regional criminal justice system for adults or juveniles, or in a customary or informal system of justice;
(d) “Child-sensitive” denotes an approach that balances the child’s right to protection and that takes into account the child’s individual needs and views.
V. The right to be treated with dignity and compassion
10. Child victims and witnesses should be treated in a caring and sensitive manner throughout the justice process, taking into account their personal situation and immediate needs, age, gender, disability and level of maturity and fully respecting their physical, mental and moral integrity.
11. Every child should be treated as an individual with his or her individual needs, wishes and feelings.
12. Interference in the child’s private life should be limited to the minimum needed at the same time as high standards of evidence collection are maintained in order to ensure fair and equitable outcomes of the justice process.
13. In order to avoid further hardship to the child, interviews, examinations and other forms of investigation should be conducted by trained professionals who proceed in a sensitive, respectful and thorough manner.
14. All interactions described in these Guidelines should be conducted in a child-sensitive manner in a suitable environment that accommodates the special needs of the child, according to his or her abilities, age, intellectual maturity and evolving capacity. They should also take place in a language that the child uses and understands.
VI. The right to be protected from discrimination
15. Child victims and witnesses should have access to a justice process that protects them from discrimination based on the child’s, parent’s or legal guardian’s race, colour, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability and birth or other status.
16. The justice process and support services available to child victims and witnesses and their families should be sensitive to the child’s age, wishes, understanding, gender, sexual orientation, ethnic, cultural, religious, linguistic and social background, caste, socio-economic condition and immigration or refugee status, as well as to the special needs of the child, including health, abilities and capacities. Professionals should be trained and educated about such differences.
17. In certain cases, special services and protection will need to be instituted to take account of gender and the different nature of specific offences against children, such as sexual assault involving children.
18. Age should not be a barrier to a child’s right to participate fully in the justice process. Every child should be treated as a capable witness, subject to examination, and his or her testimony should not be presumed invalid or untrustworthy by reason of the child’s age alone as long as his or her age and maturity allow the giving of intelligible and credible testimony, with or without communication aids and other assistance.
VII. The right to be informed
19. Child victims and witnesses, their parents or guardians and legal representatives, from their first contact with the justice process and throughout that process, should be promptly and adequately informed, to the extent feasible and appropriate, of, inter alia:
(a) The availability of health, psychological, social and other relevant services as well as the means of accessing such services along with legal or other advice or representation, compensation and emergency financial support, where applicable;
(b) The procedures for the adult and juvenile criminal justice process, including the role of child victims and witnesses, the importance, timing and manner of testimony, and ways in which “questioning” will be conducted during the investigation and trial;
(c) The existing support mechanisms for the child when making a complaint and participating in the investigation and court proceedings;
(d) The specific places and times of hearings and other relevant events;
(e) The availability of protective measures;
(f) The existing mechanisms for review of decisions affecting child victims and witnesses;
(g) The relevant rights for child victims and witnesses pursuant to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.
20. In addition, child victims, their parents or guardians and legal representatives should be promptly and adequately informed, to the extent feasible and appropriate, of:
(a) The progress and disposition of the specific case, including the apprehension, arrest and custodial status of the accused and any pending changes to that status, the prosecutorial decision and relevant post-trial developments and the outcome of the case;
(b) The existing opportunities to obtain reparation from the offender or from the State through the justice process, through alternative civil proceedings or through other processes.
VIII. The right to be heard and to express views and concerns
21. Professionals should make every effort to enable child victims and witnesses to express their views and concerns related to their involvement in the justice process, including by:
(a) Ensuring that child victims and where appropriate witnesses are consulted on the matters set forth in paragraph 19 above;
(b) Ensuring that child victims and witnesses are enabled to express freely and in their own manner their views and concerns regarding their involvement in the justice process, their concerns regarding safety in relation to the accused, the manner in which they prefer to provide testimony and their feelings about the conclusions of the process;
(c) Giving due regard to the child’s views and concerns and, if they are unable to accommodate them, explain the reasons to the child.
IX. The right to effective assistance
22. Child victims and witnesses and, where appropriate, family members should have access to assistance provided by professionals who have received relevant training as set out in paragraphs 40 to 42 below. This may include assistance and support services such as financial, legal, counselling, health, social and educational services, physical and psychological recovery services and other services necessary for the child’s reintegration. All such assistance should address the child’s needs and enable him or her to participate effectively at all stages of the justice process.
23. In assisting child victims and witnesses, professionals should make every effort to coordinate support so that the child is not subjected to excessive interventions.
24. Child victims and witnesses should receive assistance from support persons, such as child victim/witness specialists, commencing at the initial report and continuing until such services are no longer required.
25. Professionals should develop and implement measures to make it easier for children to testify or give evidence to improve communication and understanding at the pre-trial and trial stages. These measures may include:
(a) Child victim and witness specialists to address the child’s special needs;
(b) Support persons, including specialists and appropriate family members to accompany the child during testimony;
(c) Where appropriate, to appoint guardians to protect the child’s legal interests.
X. The right to privacy
26. Child victims and witnesses should have their privacy protected as a matter of primary importance.
27. Information relating to a child’s involvement in the justice process should be protected. This can be achieved through maintaining confidentiality and restricting disclosure of information that may lead to identification of a child who is a victim or witness in the justice process.
28. Measures should be taken to protect children from undue exposure to the public by, for example, excluding the public and the media from the courtroom during the child’s testimony, where permitted by national law.
XI. The right to be protected from hardship during the justice process
29. Professionals should take measures to prevent hardship during the detection, investigation and prosecution process in order to ensure that the best interests and dignity of child victims and witnesses are respected.
30. Professionals should approach child victims and witnesses with sensitivity, so that they:
(a) Provide support for child victims and witnesses, including accompanying the child throughout his or her involvement in the justice process, when it is in his or her best interests;
(b) Provide certainty about the process, including providing child victims and witnesses with clear expectations as to what to expect in the process, with as much certainty as possible. The child’s participation in hearings and trials should be planned ahead of time and every effort should be made to ensure continuity in the relationships between children and the professionals in contact with them throughout the process;
(c) Ensure that trials take place as soon as practical, unless delays are in the child’s best interest. Investigation of crimes involving child victims and witnesses should also be expedited and there should be procedures, laws or court rules that provide for cases involving child victims and witnesses to be expedited;
(d) Use child-sensitive procedures, including interview rooms designed for children, interdisciplinary services for child victims integrated in the same location, modified court environments that take child witnesses into consideration, recesses during a child’s testimony, hearings scheduled at times of day appropriate to the age and maturity of the child, an appropriate notification system to ensure the child goes to court only when necessary and other appropriate measures to facilitate the child’s testimony.
31. Professionals should also implement measures:
(a) To limit the number of interviews: special procedures for collection of evidence from child victims and witnesses should be implemented in order to reduce the number of interviews, statements, hearings and, specifically, unnecessary contact with the justice process, such as through use of video recording;
(b) To ensure that child victims and witnesses are protected, if compatible with the legal system and with due respect for the rights of the defence, from being cross-examined by the alleged perpetrator: as necessary, child victims and witnesses should be interviewed, and examined in court, out of sight of the alleged perpetrator, and separate courthouse waiting rooms and private interview areas should be provided;
(c) To ensure that child victims and witnesses are questioned in a child-sensitive manner and allow for the exercise of supervision by judges, facilitate testimony and reduce potential intimidation, for example by using testimonial aids or appointing psychological experts.
XII. The right to safety
32. Where the safety of a child victim or witness may be at risk, appropriate measures should be taken to require the reporting of those safety risks to appropriate authorities and to protect the child from such risk before, during and after the justice process.
33. Professionals who come into contact with children should be required to notify appropriate authorities if they suspect that a child victim or witness has been harmed, is being harmed or is likely to be harmed.
34. Professionals should be trained in recognizing and preventing intimidation, threats and harm to child victims and witnesses. Where child victims and witnesses may be the subject of intimidation, threats or harm, appropriate conditions should be put in place to ensure the safety of the child. Such safeguards could include:
(a) Avoiding direct contact between child victims and witnesses and the alleged perpetrators at any point in the justice process;
(b) Using court-ordered restraining orders supported by a registry system;
(c) Ordering pre-trial detention of the accused and setting special “no contact” bail conditions;
(d) Placing the accused under house arrest;
(e) Wherever possible and appropriate, giving child victims and witnesses protection by the police or other relevant agencies and safeguarding their whereabouts from disclosure.
XIII. The right to reparation
35. Child victims should, wherever possible, receive reparation in order to achieve full redress, reintegration and recovery. Procedures for obtaining and enforcing reparation should be readily accessible and child-sensitive.
36. Provided the proceedings are child-sensitive and respect these Guidelines, combined criminal and reparations proceedings should be encouraged, together with informal and community justice procedures such as restorative justice.
37. Reparation may include restitution from the offender ordered in the criminal court, aid from victim compensation programmes administered by the State and damages ordered to be paid in civil proceedings. Where possible, costs of social and educational reintegration, medical treatment, mental health care and legal services should be addressed. Procedures should be instituted to ensure enforcement of reparation orders and payment of reparation before fines.
XIV. The right to special preventive measures
38. In addition to preventive measures that should be in place for all children, special strategies are required for child victims and witnesses who are particularly vulnerable to recurring victimization or offending.
39. Professionals should develop and implement comprehensive and specially tailored strategies and interventions in cases where there are risks that child victims may be victimized further. These strategies and interventions should take into account the nature of the victimization, including victimization related to abuse in the home, sexual exploitation, abuse in institutional settings and trafficking. The strategies may include those based on government, neighbourhood and citizen initiatives.
XV. Implementation
40. Adequate training, education and information should be made available to professionals, working with child victims and witnesses with a view to improving and sustaining specialized methods, approaches and attitudes in order to protect and deal effectively and sensitively with child victims and witnesses.
41. Professionals should be trained to effectively protect and meet the needs of child victims and witnesses, including in specialized units and services.
42. This training should include:
(a) Relevant human rights norms, standards and principles, including the rights of the child;
(b) Principles and ethical duties of their office;
(c) Signs and symptoms that indicate crimes against children;
(d) Crisis assessment skills and techniques, especially for making referrals, with an emphasis placed on the need for confidentiality;
(e) Impact, consequences, including negative physical and psychological effects, and trauma of crimes against children;
(f) Special measures and techniques to assist child victims and witnesses in the justice process;
(g) Cross-cultural and age-related linguistic, religious, social and gender issues;
(h) Appropriate adult-child communication skills;
(i) Interviewing and assessment techniques that minimize any trauma to the child while maximizing the quality of information received from the child;
(j) Skills to deal with child victims and witnesses in a sensitive, understanding, constructive and reassuring manner;
(k) Methods to protect and present evidence and to question child witnesses;
(l) Roles of, and methods used by, professionals working with child victims and witnesses.
43. Professionals should make every effort to adopt an interdisciplinary and cooperative approach in aiding children by familiarizing themselves with the wide array of available services, such as victim support, advocacy, economic assistance, counselling, education, health, legal and social services. This approach may include protocols for the different stages of the justice process to encourage cooperation among entities that provide services to child victims and witnesses, as well as other forms of multidisciplinary work that includes police, prosecutor, medical, social services and psychological personnel working in the same location.
44. International cooperation should be enhanced between States and all sectors of society, both at the national and international levels, including mutual assistance for the purpose of facilitating collection and exchange of information and the detection, investigation and prosecution of transnational crimes involving child victims and witnesses.
45. Professionals should consider utilizing the present Guidelines as a basis for developing laws and written policies, standards and protocols aimed at assisting child victims and witnesses involved in the justice process.
46. Professionals should be enabled to periodically review and evaluate their role, together with other agencies in the justice process, in ensuring the protection of the rights of the child and the effective implementation of the present Guidelines.
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